Best Free Password Manager 2026: Bitwarden vs Proton Pass Tested Head-to-Head

Last updated: May 2026 · Tested: 5 free password manager tiers (Bitwarden, Proton Pass, Apple Passwords, Google PM, KeePassXC) · Winners: Bitwarden Free (default), Proton Pass Free (privacy + aliases), Apple Passwords (Apple-only households)

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Picking the best free password manager in 2026 is genuinely simpler than it was three years ago. Most “free” password manager tiers from the major paid vendors are freemium traps: Keeper Free caps you at 10 records and one device, NordPass Free allows one active device at a time, Dashlane Free limits you to 25 passwords. None of those count as a real free password manager, they’re 14-day trials with extra steps. Two tools meet the bar of genuine, mature, zero-knowledge, cross-platform free tiers in 2026: Bitwarden Free and Proton Pass Free. That’s the entire serious shortlist.

This guide tests every best free password manager app worth considering, runs a head-to-head between the two real picks, and covers the honorable mentions (Apple Passwords, KeePassXC, Google Password Manager) for readers whose situations need them. Three things make the 2026 free-tier conversation different from prior years: Bitwarden roughly doubled its Premium price in January 2026 (free tier was untouched, but the news shook some long-time users), the ETH Zurich + Università della Svizzera italiana study published in February 2026 documented 12 attack vectors against Bitwarden’s vault encryption, and the April 22, 2026 Bitwarden CLI npm supply-chain compromise (Checkmarx “Shai-Hulud” campaign) created headlines that read scary but affected only developer-tier CLI users, not vault data. We address each event honestly below.

Comparison table: best free password manager 2026, the real shortlist

Free-tier password manager authority index, our 5-axis framework

Most “best free password manager” roundups rank by raw feature count. That over-credits freemium trials disguised as free tiers and under-credits the two tools that deliver a permanent free experience. Our Free-Tier Password Manager Authority Index scores every option on five axes:

1. Feature parity vs paid, how much of the paid feature set is in the free tier, with no time limit?
2. Cross-platform coverage, does it run on Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, and Android without restrictions or device caps?
3. Security architecture, open-source code, recent independent audit, zero-knowledge encryption, self-host option if you want it.
4. Vendor lock-in, how easy is it to export your vault and leave for a different tool? Open standards (CSV, JSON) score higher than proprietary formats.
5. Upgrade pressure, does the free tier nag you to upgrade every two weeks, or does it just work?

Each tool’s score below is the weighted average across those five axes, leaning toward security architecture and feature parity for everyday users. Freemium-trial tiers (Keeper, NordPass, Dashlane, RoboForm) failed the feature-parity axis hard enough to be excluded from the shortlist entirely, we mention them as “do NOT pick” warnings later in this guide.

Why best free password manager is a 2-horse race in 2026

Three pressures narrowed the field. The LastPass class-action settlement ($24.45M, claim deadline July 2, 2026) made the 2022 LastPass breach financially concrete, driving a multi-year migration away from LastPass Free. Bitwarden raised Premium from $9.99/yr to $19.80/yr in January 2026, its first hike in a decade, and the rollout was rough enough that Fast Company titled their coverage “Bitwarden announced a price hike in the worst way possible.” That hike pushed some Bitwarden Premium users to Proton Pass Free. And 1Password’s March 27, 2026 price increase (Individual to $47.88/yr) sent more buyers looking for a free option, but 1Password never had a permanent free tier, so the spillover landed at Bitwarden and Proton Pass.

Of the genuinely free tiers that survived 2026 with full feature parity intact: Bitwarden Free and Proton Pass Free. Apple Passwords is real, but Apple-only and not zero-knowledge. Google Password Manager works fine inside Chrome and Android but is not a real password manager (Google holds your keys, no cross-OS Linux support, no audit history). KeePassXC is genuinely free + open-source + zero-knowledge, but power-user only. Beyond those five, every “free password manager” you’ll see advertised is a freemium trial.

The centerpiece head-to-head: Bitwarden Free vs Proton Pass Free

If you’ve narrowed it down to the two real free options, here’s the 11-row matrix that decides it. We tested both on Windows 11, macOS Sequoia, iOS 18, and Android 15 in May 2026:

The takeaway: Proton Pass Free wins on aliases (10 native vs Bitwarden’s none-without-add-on) and the May 2026 Security.org SecurityScore (9.5 vs 8.6). Bitwarden Free wins on cross-platform reach (CLI + Linux desktop apps), 2FA flexibility (5 methods vs 2), vault count (unlimited vs 10), Send sharing, and self-host option. For the majority of free-tier users, the practical choice comes down to one question: do you actively want native email aliases?

Bitwarden Free (deep look), best free password manager app for most people

Best for: Users who want the broadest free-tier feature set, cross-platform reach including Linux desktop, the option to self-host, and the cheapest Premium upgrade if free ever isn’t enough.

What’s in the Bitwarden Free plan

The bitwarden free plan covers the things most people need without any caps: unlimited passwords, unlimited devices, unlimited vault items, the full browser extension suite (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, Brave, Opera), native desktop apps for Windows, Mac, and Linux, native mobile apps for iOS and Android, a web vault, and the Bitwarden CLI for power users. The free tier includes the password generator, password breach monitoring against Have I Been Pwned, secure note storage, identity records, credit card storage, TOTP storage of authenticator codes (note: viewing TOTP codes in-app is a Premium feature), and the Send feature for sharing passwords or files with anyone via expiring links.

Bitwarden Free features worth knowing

The bitwarden free features we lean on most in testing: the Send feature (share a single password with a non-Bitwarden user via an expiring link, password-protected), the CLI (script vault access for developers, but see the April 2026 CLI note below), self-hosting via Vaultwarden (the community-maintained Rust rewrite that’s API-compatible with Bitwarden), and the broad 2FA support including hardware security keys (YubiKey, Nitrokey, Solo).

Is Bitwarden Free Safe? (The ETH Zurich Question, Honestly)

This is the most important section of any 2026 Bitwarden coverage, and the question we get more than any other: is bitwarden safe after the February 2026 ETH Zurich study? The honest answer has three parts.

First, the study: ETH Zurich researchers Backendal, Scarlata, Paterson, and Torrisi published “Zero Knowledge (About) Encryption” in February 2026, accepted to USENIX Security ’26. They documented 25 attack vectors total, 12 against Bitwarden, 7 against LastPass, 6 against Dashlane, with 1Password reporting no new vectors beyond known architectural limitations. The “12 against Bitwarden” headline reads catastrophic, but the technical reality is narrower: every one of those attacks assumes a malicious-server scenario where Bitwarden’s own infrastructure has already been compromised by the attacker. None describe an attack against a Bitwarden client an everyday user could trip into.

Second, Bitwarden’s response: the company published a detailed transparency blog within weeks (“security-through-transparency”), acknowledged the attack scenarios, documented technical mitigations for 7 of the 12 vectors (now resolved or in remediation), and noted that 3 of the remaining vectors are accepted as deliberate architectural choices with documented tradeoffs. That’s the open-source incident-response model working in public, and it’s something closed-source vendors (1Password, NordPass) handle with less visibility.

Third, the practical takeaway: for a free-tier user with a strong master password and 2FA enabled, the ETH Zurich findings don’t change your day-to-day risk meaningfully. They do erode the absolute “zero-knowledge” claim Bitwarden uses in marketing, which is fair criticism. If you’re a high-threat-model user (journalist, activist, sysadmin guarding root credentials), you should be aware of the findings and consider self-hosting Bitwarden via Vaultwarden, that removes the malicious-server dependency entirely.

The Jan 2026 Premium Price Doubling, Does It Affect Free Users?

No. Bitwarden Premium went from $9.99/yr to $19.80/yr in January 2026 (the first hike in a decade), but the free tier was explicitly left unchanged. If you’re using Bitwarden Free, the announcement was about Premium customers, your experience is the same. The hike is relevant only if you ever decide to upgrade: Bitwarden Premium at $19.80/yr is still 58.6% cheaper than 1Password Individual at $47.88/yr post-March-2026-hike.

Proton Pass Free (Deep Look), Privacy + Aliases by Default

Best for: Privacy-purist users, Proton ecosystem residents (Mail, VPN, Drive, Calendar), and anyone who wants 10 free email aliases without setting up SimpleLogin separately.

What’s in Proton Pass Free

Is proton pass free a real free tier or a marketing trick? Real free tier. Proton pass free ships unlimited vault items, unlimited devices, unlimited password generator use, weak-password alerts, breach monitoring, a TOTP authenticator built in, Cure53-audited code, and, the differentiator, 10 native email aliases. Proton Pass added passkey support in 2024 and continues to integrate with the Proton ecosystem (Mail, VPN, Drive, Calendar). Browser extensions are available for Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Brave. Native desktop apps cover Windows and macOS; Linux is via the web vault (not a deal-breaker since Linux users tend to be comfortable in a browser).

The 10-email-alias differentiator (why Proton Pass Free beats Bitwarden Free for some users)

Email aliases are the single feature where Proton Pass Free unambiguously beats Bitwarden Free. When you sign up for an app on Proton Pass, the password manager generates an alias like random-words.example@passmail.net that forwards to your real Proton email. The vendor sees the alias, never your real address. If the vendor ever sells your data or gets breached, you delete the alias and the spam ends. Bitwarden Free has no equivalent, you need to set up SimpleLogin or Firefox Relay separately, or pay for Bitwarden Premium and SimpleLogin together. Proton Pass Free gives you 10 aliases out of the box, which covers most casual users for a year of new signups.

The 10-vault cap (where Proton Pass Free limits you)

Proton Pass Free caps you at 10 vaults, Bitwarden Free is unlimited. For most users, 10 vaults is plenty (you typically have one personal vault and maybe a shared family vault). For power users who organize by project (work, side-project-A, side-project-B, banking, household, kids’ accounts) the cap can pinch. Beyond that, Proton Pass Free lacks emergency access (Bitwarden Premium has it, Proton Pass Free does not at any tier), and Proton Pass Free has no live chat support (neither does Bitwarden Free, so this is a wash).

Honorable mentions: Apple Passwords, KeePassXC, Google Password Manager

Three free options didn’t make the head-to-head but deserve coverage because of who they fit.

Apple Passwords, Best Free Option for Apple-Only Households

Apple Passwords (formerly iCloud Keychain, promoted to a standalone app in iOS 18 + macOS Sequoia in late 2024) is free, native, and brilliant on Apple devices. It syncs across iPhone, iPad, Mac, Vision Pro, and Windows via iCloud for Windows. Passkey support is excellent. Autofill in Safari is instant. No setup required.

The critical caveat: Apple Passwords is NOT zero-knowledge. Apple holds the master keys, which means Apple could theoretically read your passwords under subpoena or court order. For everyday consumers in California or Oregon, that’s a tradeoff most people accept. For HIPAA-covered healthcare workers, SOC-2-audited businesses, journalists, or anyone with a strict threat model, Apple Passwords is disqualifying. Use Bitwarden or Proton Pass instead, both keep encryption keys entirely on your device.

Apple Passwords also has no Linux support, no Android-native app, and the cross-OS flow to Windows requires iCloud for Windows installed. For a household where everyone is on iPhone + Mac, it’s fantastic. For a mixed-OS household, it breaks down quickly.

KeePassXC, Best Free Open-Source Local-Only Option

If you want a real best free password manager open source option that doesn’t sync to any vendor’s cloud, KeePassXC is it. The vault is a single encrypted file on your computer. You handle sync yourself, via Syncthing (recommended), Dropbox, Google Drive, iCloud, or a self-hosted git repo. Mobile sync uses KeePassDX (Android) or Keepassium (iOS), both reading the same `.kdbx` file format.

KeePassXC is genuinely free, fully open-source (GPLv3), has had multiple independent audits, and runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux. For sysadmins, privacy purists, and anyone who doesn’t want their vault on a vendor’s server, KeePassXC is the answer. The catch: you handle sync, backup, and cross-device setup. 90% of free-password-manager shoppers will hate the manual workflow. Power users love it. We score it 7.0/10, high for its target audience, but not the right pick for casual users.

Google Password Manager, The Default You Probably Already Use

Google Password Manager (built into Chrome and Android) is the default for most internet users by accident, Chrome offered to save your password, you said yes, and now you have a password manager you didn’t pick. It’s free, it works inside Chrome and Android, and it now supports passkeys. It is not, however, a real cross-platform password manager: there’s no Linux native app outside Chrome, no Windows desktop app, no iOS Safari integration without Chrome installed, and Google holds your encryption keys (not zero-knowledge). For users who never use anything outside Chrome and Android, it’s fine. For everyone else, Bitwarden Free or Proton Pass Free replaces it with no downside.

Do NOT pick these (freemium trials disguised as free tiers)

A few “free password manager” tiers are widely advertised but fail the feature-parity test badly enough that we exclude them from the shortlist:

• Keeper Security Free, 1 device, 10 records. That’s not a free password manager; it’s a demo. Pick Bitwarden Free instead.
• NordPass Free, 1 active device at a time. If you sign in on your phone, you get signed out on your laptop. Pick Bitwarden Free.
• Dashlane Free, 25 password limit. You’ll hit it within a week. Pick Bitwarden Free.
• RoboForm Free, Unlimited logins but no sync between devices. Pick Bitwarden Free.
• 1Password Free, Does not exist. 1Password has a 14-day trial, then $47.88/yr Individual. Not a free option.
• LastPass Free, Avoid. The 2022 breach class-action settlement (claim deadline July 2, 2026) is the active news. Migrate away (see our LastPass alternatives guide).

Best free password manager by platform

Most users want the same tool across all their devices, but if you have a specific platform in mind, here’s the quick fit:

Best free password manager for iPhone

For the best free password manager iphone users land on: Bitwarden Free (cross-platform if you also have a Mac or PC), Proton Pass Free (if aliases matter), or Apple Passwords (if you’re Apple-only and accept the not-zero-knowledge tradeoff). All three have polished iOS apps. The choice is the same as the desktop choice. For deeper iPhone-specific guidance, see our iPhone password manager guide.

Best free password manager for Android

For Android, the best free password manager android picks shift slightly: Bitwarden Free (best cross-platform), Proton Pass Free (best privacy), and Google Password Manager (built-in but not zero-knowledge). Apple Passwords doesn’t exist on Android natively, so it’s out. KeePassDX (Android port of KeePassXC) is excellent for power users who want local-only. The Android Autofill API support is solid in both Bitwarden and Proton Pass. Same picks apply to the broader free password manager for android search.

Best free password manager for Mac

On macOS, the picks are: Apple Passwords (native, free, brilliant Safari autofill, not zero-knowledge), Bitwarden Free (universal binary, native Apple Silicon, cross-platform), Proton Pass Free (clean macOS app, 10 aliases included), and KeePassXC for local-only purists. Apple Passwords has some autofill regressions reported in Bitwarden Community threads after macOS 26 Tahoe; Bitwarden saw similar issues. Proton Pass has been stable across recent macOS releases.

Best free password manager for Windows

For Windows users, the best free password manager windows and free password manager for windows question, pick Bitwarden Free or Proton Pass Free. Apple Passwords requires iCloud for Windows and is awkward outside the Apple ecosystem. KeePassXC works fine on Windows for power users. Google Password Manager works inside Chrome but is locked there. For the broader free password manager for pc bucket (same SERP, different phrasing), the answer is the same.

What Reddit recommends in 2026 (aggregated consensus)

For users searching best free password manager reddit, the social-proof anchor, the 2026 consensus across r/cybersecurity, r/PasswordManagers, and r/privacy (aggregated via Wizcase and SafetyDetectives because raw Reddit blocks unauthenticated scraping) is stable with one 2026 shift:

• Bitwarden = default free pick (unchanged since 2023)
• Proton Pass = privacy alternative, rising sharply after the January 2026 Bitwarden Premium hike
• Apple Passwords = serious recommendation in 2026 (was “Apple’s built-in thing, not a real PM” in 2024)
• KeePassXC = if you know what you’re doing
• LastPass Free = avoid, migrate away
• Keeper Free / NordPass Free / Dashlane Free = freemium traps

The 2026 shift toward Apple Passwords as a serious free recommendation reflects two things: Apple’s standalone-app release in iOS 18 made it discoverable as a real product (instead of a hidden Settings menu), and the 1Password March 2026 price hike pushed many Apple-only households toward the free Apple option.

How to migrate from LastPass Free to Bitwarden Free (or Proton Pass)

If you’re searching lastpass free download or download lastpass for windows in 2026, you’re likely a migrant or someone who already migrated and is double-checking. The five-minute migration to Bitwarden Free:

1. In LastPass: Advanced Options → Export → “LastPass CSV File” → save the file
2. In Bitwarden Free: Tools → Import Data → “LastPass (.csv)” → upload the file
3. Verify all items imported (count should match)
4. Sign out of LastPass on all devices
5. Delete the LastPass account from your account settings (or just stop using it)

Migrating to Proton Pass Free uses the same CSV export, with “Other” or “LastPass” as the import source depending on Proton’s latest UI version. Both Bitwarden and Proton Pass handle the LastPass CSV format cleanly. We have a dedicated guide on LastPass alternatives for users who want a fuller comparison of every reasonable migration target. The LastPass class-action settlement claim deadline is July 2, 2026; affected users should also file there.

Is “free” a false economy? When the free tier isn’t enough

Worth saying out loud: for some users, a free password manager is a false economy. If you need emergency access (so a family member can recover your vault if something happens to you), you need Bitwarden Premium ($19.80/yr) or 1Password Individual ($47.88/yr), Proton Pass Free does not offer this at any tier. If you share passwords with a family of 4+, Bitwarden Families at $40/yr for 6 users is the cheapest real option (or Proton Family at $4.99/mo). If you need live chat support, no free option provides it.

Most personal users never hit those limits. Most small businesses do, eventually. The honest framing: the free tier is great until you need one specific paid feature, at which point the cheapest reasonable upgrade is Bitwarden Premium ($19.80/yr) or 1Password Individual if you want the polish ($47.88/yr).

Decision tree: pick your best free password manager

Skip the long-form comparison and use this 5-question path:

Best free password manager by use case

Free vs paid: where the boundary sits in 2026

The free-tier ceiling for both Bitwarden and Proton Pass is well-defined. You graduate to a paid plan when you need any of: emergency access (a designated person can recover your vault if you’re incapacitated), 1GB+ of encrypted file storage, in-app TOTP code display (you can store TOTP secrets free in Bitwarden but viewing them in-app requires Premium), live chat support, advanced 2FA like YubiKey OTP and Duo Push, or family sharing across 5-6 users. If none of those describe you, the free tier is permanent. If one of them describes you, Bitwarden Premium is $19.80/yr, the cheapest reasonable upgrade in the category, still 58.6% cheaper than 1Password.

If you want the polish of 1Password’s Travel Mode, Watchtower breach scanner, and top Mac and iPhone UX, you’re looking at $47.88/yr Individual or $71.88/yr Family. That’s a real step up in price but a real step up in product. We cover the full comparison in our 1Password vs Bitwarden guide.

Frequently asked questions

Is Bitwarden really free? What’s in the free tier?

Yes, Bitwarden Free is genuinely free with no time limit. The free tier includes unlimited passwords, unlimited devices, unlimited vault items, all browser extensions, native apps for Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android, the CLI, the password generator, breach monitoring, secure notes, TOTP storage, the Send feature, and 2FA via TOTP, email, and security keys. You pay only if you want emergency access, in-app TOTP code display, 1GB encrypted file storage, advanced 2FA (Duo, YubiKey OTP), or vault health alerts.

Is Bitwarden free safe to use after the Feb 2026 ETH Zurich study?

For everyday users with a strong master password and 2FA enabled, yes. The ETH Zurich study documented 12 attack vectors against Bitwarden, but every attack assumes a malicious-server scenario where Bitwarden’s own infrastructure has been compromised by the attacker. Bitwarden has resolved or has in-remediation 7 of the 12 vectors; the remaining 3 are accepted as deliberate architectural choices with documented tradeoffs. The findings erode the absolute “zero-knowledge” claim but don’t change your day-to-day risk meaningfully. High-threat-model users (journalists, activists, sysadmins) should consider self-hosting via Vaultwarden.

Is Proton Pass free free, or is it a freemium trap?

Proton Pass Free is a real free tier with no time limit. It ships unlimited vault items, unlimited devices, weak-password alerts, built-in TOTP authenticator, breach monitoring, and 10 native email aliases. The free tier caps you at 10 vaults (Bitwarden Free is unlimited) and lacks emergency access. Pricing: Proton Pass Plus is $2.99/mo or roughly $35.88/yr; Proton Family is $4.99/mo. Free is permanent.

Bitwarden Free vs Proton Pass Free, which should I pick in 2026?

Pick Bitwarden Free if you want broadest cross-platform reach (Linux desktop, CLI, unlimited vaults), the self-host option, the cheapest upgrade path to paid, or you’re a LastPass migrant looking for the consensus replacement. Pick Proton Pass Free if email aliases matter to you (10 native vs Bitwarden’s zero), you live in the Proton ecosystem (Mail, VPN, Drive), or you want a higher-rated free-tier security profile (Security.org 9.5 vs Bitwarden 8.6). Both are open-source, audited, and zero-knowledge.

What’s the best free password manager for iPhone?

For iPhone users: Bitwarden Free (best cross-platform if you also use Mac or PC), Proton Pass Free (if aliases matter), or Apple Passwords (if you’re Apple-only and accept the not-zero-knowledge tradeoff). All three have polished iOS apps with Face ID get and native autofill integration. Apple Passwords has the smoothest iOS-only experience; Bitwarden and Proton Pass are stronger if you ever leave Apple.

What’s the best free password manager for Android?

For Android users: Bitwarden Free (cross-platform reach + Android Autofill API support), Proton Pass Free (privacy + 10 aliases), or KeePassDX (the Android port of KeePassXC for local-only fans). Google Password Manager works but is not zero-knowledge and locks you inside Google. Apple Passwords does not have a native Android app.

Is Apple Passwords (iCloud Keychain) a real password manager?

Yes, but with caveats. Apple Passwords syncs across iPhone, iPad, Mac, Vision Pro, and Windows (via iCloud for Windows). It’s free, brilliant on Apple devices, and now supports passkeys. The critical limitation: Apple Passwords is NOT zero-knowledge, Apple holds the master keys, which means Apple could read your passwords under court order. For everyday consumers, that’s fine. For HIPAA-covered workers, SOC-2-audited businesses, journalists, or strict-threat-model users, Apple Passwords is disqualifying. Use Bitwarden Free or Proton Pass Free for zero-knowledge.

Should I use KeePass or KeePassXC if I want a fully local free option?

If you want a real best free password manager open source option that never touches a vendor’s cloud, KeePassXC is the answer. The vault is a single encrypted file on your computer. You handle sync yourself via Syncthing, Dropbox, or a self-hosted git repo. On mobile, KeePassDX (Android) and Keepassium (iOS) read the same `.kdbx` file. KeePassXC is GPLv3 open-source, audited, and runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux. It’s the right pick for sysadmins and privacy purists. It’s the wrong pick for casual users who don’t want to handle sync manually.

Is the Bitwarden free tier still trustworthy after the Jan 2026 Premium price doubling?

Yes. The Premium price hike from $9.99/yr to $19.80/yr in January 2026 was Bitwarden’s first hike in a decade and explicitly left the free tier unchanged. The communication was rough (Fast Company called it “the worst way possible”), but the product change was: Premium got more expensive, Free got nothing taken away. If you’re using Bitwarden Free, your experience is the same as before. If you were considering Premium, the new price is still 58.6% cheaper than 1Password Individual.

Can I migrate from LastPass Free to Bitwarden Free easily?

Yes. Export your LastPass vault as a CSV (Advanced Options → Export → “LastPass CSV File”), then import it into Bitwarden Free (Tools → Import Data → “LastPass (.csv)”). The whole migration takes about five minutes. After migration, sign out of LastPass on all devices and delete the LastPass account. If you were affected by the 2022 LastPass breach, file a claim in the class-action settlement by July 2, 2026.

Does Bitwarden Free include passkey support?

Yes. Bitwarden added passkey support to free-tier and Premium users in 2024 and continued to support it through the 2026 Premium price hike. You can store and use passkeys for sites that support them (Google, Microsoft, Amazon, GitHub, and ~48% of top 100 websites as of May 2026) directly from your Bitwarden vault, with cross-device sync.

What is the best free password manager, final pick?

For most users in 2026, the best free password manager is Bitwarden Free: unlimited devices and items, cross-platform including Linux and CLI, open-source GPLv3, audited, with the cheapest upgrade path if you ever need paid features. If email aliases or Proton ecosystem alignment matter to you, Proton Pass Free is the alternative (and scores 9.5/10 vs 8.6/10 on Security.org). For Apple-only households who accept the not-zero-knowledge tradeoff, Apple Passwords is free and native. For everyone else, Bitwarden Free is the default.